====== FidoNet Glossary ======

This is the Synchronet glossary of technical terms specific to FidoNet.

===== AKA =====
AKAs are additional/alias addresses for an FTN node. Some times you'll see the //Main/Primary// address also referred to as an "AKA", but just know this just means an FTN address, possibly one of many, that may be used to reach a single FTN node.

If a node belongs to multiple FTN networks (e.g. FidoNet and one or more "othernets"), then they will usually have their FidoNet address (Zones 1-4) as their //Main// address and the "othernet" addresses as their AKAs.

===== Area =====

A FidoNet //Area// may refer to a networked message area (a.k.a. "echo") typically devoted to a single discussion topic or a networked file area. Every area must have a unique //AreaTag//. EchoMail messages are identified by the ''AREA:'' kludge line which specifies the //AreaTag// in which the message was posted.

===== AreaFix/Area Manager =====

AreaFix is a synonym for area manager (the very first FTN area manager
program was called "AreaFix"). Area manager capabilities (remote adding/removing
of areas, changing compression type, etc) are built into SBBSecho, so therefore
no external area manager program is required. If you are not an FTN hub, then
the area manager portion of SBBSecho will probably not get much use on your
system. The Area Manager process has also been called a "Conference Manager" ([[http://ftsc.org/docs/fsc-0057.003|ConfMgr]]).

As a FidoNet node, you may be required to send a netmail message to your hub's area manager (usually sent to "AreaFix @ your-hub's-ftn-address", with your area manager password in the mail subject) in order to link echomail areas.
===== Area Tag =====

A FidoNet //Area Tag// (a.k.a. Area Name or Echo Tag) is a unique area identifier made of up to 50 US-ASCII (traditionally, all uppercase) alphanumeric characters with a few punctuation and symbolic characters (e.g. ''!'', ''.'', ''-'' and ''_'') allowed.
===== Attach or FLO Mailer? =====

If you are using FrontDoor, InterMail, D'bridge, SEAdog, Dutchie, or any other
ArcMail *.MSG attach-style mailer, you are using what we will refer to as an
"ArcMail/Attach-style Mailer". Support for ArcMail/Attach-style mailers has been deprecated in SBBSecho v3 and unless there is anyone coming forward to test what support does remain, it will be removed in the future.

If you are using BinkD (Binkley daemon), Argus/Radius/Taurus, BinkleyTerm, Portal of Power, or any other mailer that uses Binkley-Style-Outbound (BSO) directories and FLO/CLO/HLO/DLO files (a.k.a. FLO-files), you are using what we will refer to as a "Binkley/FLO-Style Mailer".

It is very important that you select the correct "Mailer Type" in the ''[[util:echocfg]]'' utility (or ''sbbsecho.ini'' file).

===== Bad Packet =====
If SBBSecho cannot process an inbound packet file, it will rename the file, giving it a ''.bad'' extension. Checking the SBBSecho log file  (e.g. ''[[dir:data]]/sbbsecho.log'') for the reason for the ''Bad packet detected'', if you can then remedy the problem and rename the ''*.bad'' files to ''*.pkt'', SBBSecho will rediscover and attempt to re-process the packet files. Alternatively, you can just delete ''.bad'' packets and perform a hub re-scan if you expect the packets contain only EchoMail (no NetMail) and you want the missing EchoMail messages from the packets. 

==== Identifying Bad Packets ====

  - File length is shorter than a packet header (58 bytes)
  - Packet terminator (''0x0000'', 2 NUL bytes) missing from end of the file
  - File read failure (e.g. permissions or file locking issue)
  - Source address does not match expected address (e.g. for packets found in //inboxes//)
  - Packet header cannot be parsed (e.g. is not a ''type 2'' packet header)
  - Packet header contains incorrect packet password
  - Packet contains one or more "grunged messages" (e.g. packed //message type// is not ''2'')

===== BinkP =====

[[wp>BinkP]] is the //BinkD Protocol//, a TCP application protocol invented by Dima Maloff in 1996 and later standardized by the FTSC, for transferring files (primarily, [[ref:FidoNet Packets]]) between Internet hosts over IP. The BinkP protocol was originally implemented as an ad-hoc protocol for the transferring of files between instances of the Binkley Daemon FidoNet mailer ([[https://2f.ru/binkd/|BinkD]]). The protocol was later adopted by other FidoNet mailers and later became a FidoNet standard.

===== Boss =====

A //Boss Node// is a FidoNet node that has one or more //Point Nodes// (a.k.a. points) has subordinate and dependent nodes.
===== Bundle =====

An FTN bundle is a single file archive of one or more (usually compressed)
packets. Bundles will have file extensions where the first two characters
represent the day of the week the bundle was created (MO, TU, WE, TH, FR, SA,
and SU) and the third character of the extension is a number or letter. The
first eight characters of the filename may be anything, but are usually
hexadecimal digits representing the FTN node address (or relative address) of
the system that created the bundle. SBBSecho changes the file extension of bad
inbound bundles to ''.?_?'' or ''.?-?'' (e.g. ''*.mo0'' would be renamed to ''*.m_0'').

===== Downlink =====

A //Downlink// is a Linked Node which your system "feeds" messages and for which your system is responsible for routing received messages from.

===== Echo =====
  * Message echo - A way to distribute messages between systems (see EchoMail).
  * File echo - Like a message echo, but for distributing files instead of messages.

===== EchoMail =====

Group or conference messages of a particular subject matter (a.k.a. Message Area). Usually
distributed on a regional or continental scale (e.g. FidoNet Zone 1 backbone).
FTN style echomail areas have a unique name associated with them to
distinguish each area from the others. These agreed upon area names are called //Area Tags// or //Echo Tags//.


===== FTN =====
FidoNet Technology Network: Any network using FidoNet standards for addressing,
mail packets, mail sessions, node lists, etc.

===== Kludge Line ===== 
Due to historic FTN message and packet header limitations, some message metadata was defined in the body text of each message in the form of "control lines" (often called //kludge lines//). Each control line begins with a Ctrl-A (ASCII 1) character followed by a keyword, a space, some optional data, and terminated with a carriage return (ASCII 13) character. Different control line keywords are used to define different metadata values. 

Kludge/control lines are not normally displayed to messages viewers (users), but many FidoNet-compatible message readers have an option to view the control lines where it is customary to replace the Ctrl-A character with an ''@'' character.

Synchronet stores FTN control lines in its message headers, so you must use the Terminal Server operator->View Header command (''H'') or the [[util:smbutil]] sysop utility, to view a message header to see the metadata that may have been received via FTN kludge lines.

Some control lines are only expected in EchoMail messages, some only in NetMail, and some may appear in either.

===== Mailer =====

A [[resource:FidoNet Mailer]] is the software component which transfers [[ref:FidoNet Packets]] between systems ("FidoNet nodes").

In the dial-up BBS days, it was common for a FidoNet mailer to answer the phone modem to determine if the incoming "caller" was another FidoNet mailer or a potential user for the local BBS. If the caller was determined to be a user (e.g. due to timeout or the user hitting the ''ESC'' key), it would launch the BBS program and pass control of the call to the BBS:
  Press the ESC key twice to access the BBS.
These types of mailers (e.g. FrontDoor, D'Bridge, Portal of Power, etc.) were often called "front-end mailers" and are fairly obsolete today, replaced by modern mailers that support Internet-based FidoNet packet transfers (e.g. using [[#BinkP]] over TCP/IP).

===== NetMail =====

Point-to-point (usually person-to-person) directly-delivered or routed messages (now more commonly referred to as "e-mail" or just "mail").

===== Network Coordinator =====
Primarily a node who has the added task of administering a LOCAL segment of the nodelist for his/her NET, a NET may cover part or all of a city and or part of a country.

===== Node =====
How a particular FTN/Fidonet system is referred to.

All FidoNet node-listed systems are //nodes// of the network.

**Normal Nodes** do not have a //point// value, so a ''.0'' suffix on their address is implied. The addresses ''1:103/705'' and ''1:103/705.0'' are the same node, a normal node (sometimes also called a //boss node//).

**Point Nodes** (nodes with non-zero point value) may only directly connect and communicate with their //boss node//. The boss node of a point node with the address ''1:103/705.1'' would be ''1:103/705'' (the ''.0'' point value is implied). Point nodes are not listed in the network's official nodelist. Some network regions distribute a //pointlist// containing only point nodes.

A **Boss Node** is just a normal node that has one or more //point nodes// for which they are responsible to deliver and receive messages and files.

A **Linked Node** is a node which is linked with your system in some pre-arranged way and is reflected in your SBBSecho configuration (e.g. packet password, AreaFix password, packet type, archive type, etc.).  Linked Nodes may also be linked with one or more EchoMail message areas on your system as reflected in your Area File.

===== Nodelist =====

A text file, in a standardized structured format that is both human and computer-readable, that lists all the nodes of a FidoNet-style network along with metadata describing each node's location, operator, capabilities and its role within the network hierarchy.

===== Packet =====

An [[ref:FidoNet packets|FTN packet]] is a group of one or more messages contained in a single uncompressed binary file. Packets may contain EchoMail and/or NetMail messages.

Packet files usually have a ''.pkt'' suffix/extension, although outbound NetMail packets for Binkley/FLO Mailers will have ''.?ut'' extensions (where ? is either ''o'', ''c'', ''d'', or ''h'', e.g. ''.out'', ''.cut'', ''.hut'', etc.). The first eight characters of the filename may be anything, but are usually decimal or hexadecimal digits representing the date and time the packet was created.

You can use the [[person:digital man]]'s ''pktdump'' utility to view packet headers and help identify and fix problems with inbound and outbound FTN packets.

It is generally **not** a good idea to try and use a plain-text viewer or editor to inspect [[ref:FidoNet packets]] since they contain binary integer values that may be interpreted as terminal control characters and the header data just won't be human-readable in this manner. Use a tool specifically designed to view FTN packets (e.g. ''pktdump'').

===== Point =====

A //Point Node// is an FTN node with an address that ends in ''.1'' or another non-zero fractional value. An FTN node address without a period/dot (''.'') or that ends in ''.0'' is **not** a point node address.

A Point Node is not listed in the network's nodelist and is dependent on its //Boss Node// to receive and deliver files, including NetMail and EchoMail packets, on its behalf.

===== Poll =====

A poll of a node is when a connection is attempted to a linked-node even though there are no files (e.g. mail) waiting to be sent to that node.

===== Region =====
A REGION may cover an entire country or just a part of a country depending on it's size, the REGIONAL address is not obvious in the end node address.

===== Regional Coordinator =====
Primarily a node who has the added task of administering a REGIONAL segment of the nodelist for his/her REGION.

===== Scan =====

To //scan// message bases means to //export// locally-posted messages from your BBS's local message bases into EchoMail packets to be sent to your upstream link (hub) and any downstream linked nodes you may have.

===== TIC =====

"TIC" is the standard file extension for the information file that is sent along with a file that is distributed in a File Echo

===== Toss =====

To //toss// EchoMail packets or messages means to //import// the packed messages into your BBS's local message bases where your users can read and reply to the messages. FidoNet EchoMail programs, like SBBSecho, are often referred to as "Tossers" for this reason.

===== Uplink =====

An //Uplink// is a Linked Node which is your system's pre-arranged conduit to the rest of the message network (a.k.a. your hub).

===== Zones, Nets, Nodes, and Points? =====
FTN node addresses are like phone numbers, they are made up of multiple
components (four usually, but sometimes three and sometimes five). 

The main four FTN address components are: Zone, Net, Node, and Point.
Each component is specified by a decimal (base-10) number, separated by symbols
(no spaces):

**//Zone:Net/Node.Point//**

The Zone represents the continent (if FidoNet) or the network number (if other
FTN network). All FidoNet nodes in North America have a Zone 1 address. When
the zone is specified in an address, it is the first component and must be
followed by a colon. If the Zone is not present in an address, the local
system's primary Zone is assumed. FidoNet uses Zones 1 through 4 (historically, 1 through 6).

The Net represents the network number of the FTN node. Duplicate Net numbers
may exist between Zones (this is no longer true of Zones within FidoNet). If the Net number is not present, the local system's
Net is assumed.

The Node number specifies an exact FTN node within a network. The Node number
is the only technically-required element of an FTN node address (however, "when in doubt, dial it out!").

The Point is an optional component which specifies a sub-node that does not
directly receive mail and is also not listed in the main FTN node list, but
instead gets all its mail from its boss-node (Zone:Net/Node.0). When the Point number
is not specified, 0 (zero) is assumed (i.e. ''1:2/3'' and ''1:2/3.0'' are identical)
which indicates the system with that address is **not** a point node.

Zones can be grouped into named domains (e.g. ''@fidonet''), but FTN domains
are pretty rarely used in the twenty-first century. Do not confuse FTN domains with Internet domains (they're not the same)!

A 2D (2 dimensional) address refers to an FTN address containing just the
Net and Node numbers (e.g. ''103/705'').

A 3D (3 dimensional) address refers to an FTN address containing the Zone,
Net, and Node numbers (e.g. ''1:103/705''), specifically excluding the Point number
if it exists.

A 4D (4 dimensional) address refers to an FTN address containing the Zone,
Net, Node, and optional Point numbers (e.g. ''1:103/705.1'').

A 5D (5 dimensional) address refers to an FTN address consisting of a standard
3D or 4D address with an appended "@domain" (e.g. ''1:103/705@fidonet''). This domain component is limited to 8 case-insensitive characters - it is **not** an Internet domain.

===== Zone Coordinator =====
Primarily a node who has the added task of administering a ZONE segment of the nodelist for his/her ZONE, a ZONE can cover a single country or several countries.

===== See Also =====
  * [[:ref:|Reference Library]]

{{tag>fidonet}}